gh-149619: Harden _remote_debugging error paths

[pablogsal]

This follows up on gh-149619 by auditing broader _remote_debugging error paths, not only permission handling.

• preserve underlying OS and remote-read exceptions instead of replacing them with generic runtime errors
• report Windows/Linux/macOS enumeration, short I/O, partial read/write, cleanup, and binary replay failures more accurately
• add malformed binary replay coverage for sample-count mismatch and trailing partial sample data