Add --max-warnings option to fail test runs

AUTHORS

@@ -325,6 +325,7 @@ Michał Zięba
 Mickey Pashov
 Mihai Capotă
 Mihail Milushev
+Mike Fiedler (miketheman)
 Mike Hoyle (hoylemd)
 Mike Lundy
 Milan Lesnek

changelog/14371.feature.rst

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Added :option:`--max-warnings` command-line option and :confval:`max_warnings` configuration option to fail the test run when the number of warnings exceeds a given threshold.

doc/en/how-to/capture-warnings.rst

@@ -204,6 +204,42 @@ decorator or to all tests in a module by setting the :globalvar:`pytestmark` var
 
 .. _`pytest-warnings`: https://github.com/fschulze/pytest-warnings
 
+Setting a maximum number of warnings
+-------------------------------------
+
+You can use the :option:`--max-warnings` command-line option to fail the test run
+if the total number of warnings exceeds a given threshold:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    pytest --max-warnings 10
+
+If the number of warnings exceeds the threshold, pytest will exit with code ``6``
+(:class:`~pytest.ExitCode` ``WARNINGS_ERROR``). This is useful for gradually
+ratcheting down warnings in a codebase.
+
+The threshold can also be set in the configuration file using :confval:`max_warnings`:
+
+.. tab:: toml
+
+    .. code-block:: toml
+
+        [pytest]
+        max_warnings = 10
+
+.. tab:: ini
+
+    .. code-block:: ini
+
+        [pytest]
+        max_warnings = 10
+
+.. note::
+
+    If tests fail, the exit code will be ``1`` (:class:`~pytest.ExitCode` ``TESTS_FAILED``)
+    regardless of the warning count. ``WARNINGS_ERROR`` is only reported when all tests pass
+    but the warning threshold is exceeded.
+
 Disabling warnings summary
 --------------------------
 

doc/en/reference/exit-codes.rst

@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@
 Exit codes
 ========================================================
 
-Running ``pytest`` can result in six different exit codes:
+Running ``pytest`` can result in seven different exit codes:
 
 :Exit code 0: All tests were collected and passed successfully
 :Exit code 1: Tests were collected and run but some of the tests failed
 :Exit code 2: Test execution was interrupted by the user
 :Exit code 3: Internal error happened while executing tests
 :Exit code 4: pytest command line usage error
 :Exit code 5: No tests were collected
+:Exit code 6: Maximum number of warnings exceeded (see :option:`--max-warnings`)
 
 They are represented by the :class:`pytest.ExitCode` enum. The exit codes being a part of the public API can be imported and accessed directly using:
 

doc/en/reference/reference.rst

@@ -1630,6 +1630,31 @@ passed multiple times. The expected format is ``name=value``. For example::
    into errors. For more information please refer to :ref:`warnings`.
 
 
+.. confval:: max_warnings
+   :type: ``int``
+
+   Maximum number of warnings allowed before the test run is considered a failure.
+   When the total number of warnings exceeds this value, pytest exits with
+   :class:`pytest.ExitCode` ``WARNINGS_ERROR`` (code ``6``).
+
+   .. tab:: toml
+
+       .. code-block:: toml
+
+            [pytest]
+            max_warnings = 10
+
+   .. tab:: ini
+
+       .. code-block:: ini
+
+            [pytest]
+            max_warnings = 10
+
+   Can also be set via the :option:`--max-warnings` command-line option.
+   For more information please refer to :ref:`warnings`.
+
+
 .. confval:: junit_duration_report
     :type: ``str``
     :default: ``"total"``
@@ -3121,6 +3146,12 @@ Warnings
     Set which warnings to report, see ``-W`` option of Python itself.
     Can be specified multiple times.
 
+.. option:: --max-warnings=NUM
+
+    Exit with :class:`pytest.ExitCode` ``WARNINGS_ERROR`` (code ``6``) if the number
+    of warnings exceeds the given threshold. By default there is no limit.
+    Can also be set via the :confval:`max_warnings` configuration option.
+
 Doctest
 ~~~~~~~
 
@@ -3409,6 +3440,8 @@ All the command-line flags can also be obtained by running ``pytest --help``::
       -W, --pythonwarnings PYTHONWARNINGS
                             Set which warnings to report, see -W option of
                             Python itself
+      --max-warnings=num    Exit with error if the number of warnings exceeds
+                            this threshold
 
     collection:
       --collect-only, --co  Only collect tests, don't execute them
@@ -3531,6 +3564,9 @@ All the command-line flags can also be obtained by running ``pytest --help``::
                             Each line specifies a pattern for
                             warnings.filterwarnings. Processed after
                             -W/--pythonwarnings.
+      max_warnings (string):
+                            Maximum number of warnings allowed before failing
+                            the test run
       norecursedirs (args): Directory patterns to avoid for recursion
       testpaths (args):     Directories to search for tests when no files or
                             directories are given on the command line

src/_pytest/config/__init__.py

@@ -117,6 +117,8 @@ class ExitCode(enum.IntEnum):
     USAGE_ERROR = 4
     #: pytest couldn't find tests.
     NO_TESTS_COLLECTED = 5
+    #: Maximum number of warnings exceeded.
+    WARNINGS_ERROR = 6
 
     __module__ = "pytest"
 

src/_pytest/main.py

@@ -125,13 +125,26 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
         action="append",
         help="Set which warnings to report, see -W option of Python itself",
     )
+    group.addoption(
+        "--max-warnings",
+        action="store",
+        type=int,
+        default=None,
+        metavar="num",
+        dest="max_warnings",
+        help="Exit with error if the number of warnings exceeds this threshold",
+    )
     parser.addini(
         "filterwarnings",
         type="linelist",
         help="Each line specifies a pattern for "
         "warnings.filterwarnings. "
         "Processed after -W/--pythonwarnings.",
     )
+    parser.addini(
+        "max_warnings",
+        help="Maximum number of warnings allowed before failing the test run",
+    )
 
     group = parser.getgroup("collect", "collection")
     group.addoption(

src/_pytest/terminal.py

@@ -966,11 +966,23 @@ def pytest_sessionfinish(
             ExitCode.INTERRUPTED,
             ExitCode.USAGE_ERROR,
             ExitCode.NO_TESTS_COLLECTED,
+            ExitCode.WARNINGS_ERROR,
         )
         if exitstatus in summary_exit_codes and not self.no_summary:
             self.config.hook.pytest_terminal_summary(
                 terminalreporter=self, exitstatus=exitstatus, config=self.config
             )
+        # Check --max-warnings threshold after all warnings have been collected.
+        max_warnings = self._get_max_warnings()
+        if max_warnings is not None and session.exitstatus == ExitCode.OK:
+            warning_count = len(self.stats.get("warnings", []))
+            if warning_count > max_warnings:
+                session.exitstatus = ExitCode.WARNINGS_ERROR
+                self.write_line(
+                    f"Maximum allowed warnings exceeded: "
+                    f"{warning_count} > {max_warnings}",
+                    red=True,
+                )
         if session.shouldfail:
             self.write_sep("!", str(session.shouldfail), red=True)
         if exitstatus == ExitCode.INTERRUPTED:
@@ -1057,6 +1069,16 @@ def _getcrashline(self, rep):
             except AttributeError:
                 return ""
 
+    def _get_max_warnings(self) -> int | None:
+        """Return the max_warnings threshold, from CLI or INI, or None if unset."""
+        value = self.config.option.max_warnings
+        if value is not None:
+            return int(value)
+        ini_value = self.config.getini("max_warnings")
+        if ini_value:
+            return int(ini_value)
+        return None
+
     #
     # Summaries for sessionfinish.
     #

testing/test_warnings.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import sys
 import warnings
 
+from _pytest.config import ExitCode
 from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureRequest
 from _pytest.pytester import Pytester
 import pytest
@@ -885,3 +886,87 @@ def test_resource_warning(tmp_path):
         else []
     )
     result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([*expected_extra, "*1 passed*"])
+
+
+class TestMaxWarnings:
+    """Tests for the --max-warnings feature."""
+
+    PYFILE = """
+        import warnings
+        def test_one():
+            warnings.warn(UserWarning("warning one"))
+        def test_two():
+            warnings.warn(UserWarning("warning two"))
+    """
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_not_set(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """Without --max-warnings, warnings don't affect exit code."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(self.PYFILE)
+        result = pytester.runpytest()
+        result.assert_outcomes(passed=2, warnings=2)
+        assert result.ret == ExitCode.OK
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_not_exceeded(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """When warning count is below the threshold, exit code is OK."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(self.PYFILE)
+        result = pytester.runpytest("--max-warnings", "10")
+        result.assert_outcomes(passed=2, warnings=2)
+        assert result.ret == ExitCode.OK
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_exceeded(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """When warning count exceeds threshold, exit code is WARNINGS_ERROR."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(self.PYFILE)
+        result = pytester.runpytest("--max-warnings", "1")
+        assert result.ret == ExitCode.WARNINGS_ERROR
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_equal_to_count(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """When warning count equals threshold exactly, exit code is OK."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(self.PYFILE)
+        result = pytester.runpytest("--max-warnings", "2")
+        result.assert_outcomes(passed=2, warnings=2)
+        assert result.ret == ExitCode.OK
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_zero(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """--max-warnings 0 means no warnings are allowed."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(self.PYFILE)
+        result = pytester.runpytest("--max-warnings", "0")
+        assert result.ret == ExitCode.WARNINGS_ERROR
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_exceeded_message(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """Verify the output message when max warnings is exceeded."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(self.PYFILE)
+        result = pytester.runpytest("--max-warnings", "1")
+        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*Maximum allowed warnings exceeded: 2 > 1*"])
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_ini_option(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """max_warnings can be set via INI configuration."""
+        pytester.makeini(
+            """
+            [pytest]
+            max_warnings = 1
+            """
+        )
+        pytester.makepyfile(self.PYFILE)
+        result = pytester.runpytest()
+        assert result.ret == ExitCode.WARNINGS_ERROR
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default::UserWarning")
+    def test_max_warnings_with_test_failure(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        """When tests fail AND warnings exceed max, TESTS_FAILED takes priority."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            """
+            import warnings
+            def test_fail():
+                warnings.warn(UserWarning("a warning"))
+                assert False
+            """
+        )
+        result = pytester.runpytest("--max-warnings", "0")
+        assert result.ret == ExitCode.TESTS_FAILED