diff --git a/tools/install-base.sh b/tools/install-base.sh
index 6343d1f90..63f81e15b 100755
--- a/tools/install-base.sh
+++ b/tools/install-base.sh
@@ -7,14 +7,26 @@ TLINST="install-tl-unx.tar.gz"
 TLURL=$TLREPO/$TLINST
 PRNAME="tinytex.profile"
 PRURL="https://tinytex.yihui.org"
+
+# download a URL and save to its basename; pick curl or wget by availability
+download_file() {
+  if command -v curl > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+    curl -L -f --retry 10 --retry-delay 30 -O "$1"
+  else
+    wget --tries=11 --waitretry=30 "$1"
+  fi
+}
+
 if [ $(uname) = 'Darwin' ]; then
   alias sedi="sed -i ''"
-  [ -e $TLINST ] || curl -LO $TLURL
-  [ -e $PRNAME ] || curl -LO $PRURL/$PRNAME
 else
   alias sedi="sed -i"
-  [ -e $TLINST ] || wget $TLURL
-  [ -e $PRNAME ] || wget $PRURL/$PRNAME
+fi
+
+[ -e "$TLINST" ] || download_file "$TLURL"
+[ -e "$PRNAME" ] || download_file "$PRURL/$PRNAME"
+
+if [ $(uname) != 'Darwin' ]; then
   # ask `tlmgr path add` to add binaries to ~/bin instead of the default
   # /usr/local/bin unless this script is invoked with the argument '--admin'
   # (e.g., users want to make LaTeX binaries available system-wide), in which
diff --git a/tools/install-bin-unix.sh b/tools/install-bin-unix.sh
index a7be1830f..a618f0421 100755
--- a/tools/install-bin-unix.sh
+++ b/tools/install-bin-unix.sh
@@ -40,6 +40,16 @@ is_musl() {
   fi
 }
 
+# download URL to output file; pick curl or wget by availability
+# $1 = URL, $2 = output file
+download_file() {
+  if command -v curl > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+    curl -L -f --retry 10 --retry-delay 30 "$1" -o "$2"
+  else
+    wget --retry-connrefused --tries=11 --waitretry=30 --progress=dot:giga -O "$2" "$1"
+  fi
+}
+
 if [ $OSNAME = 'Darwin' ]; then
   TEXDIR=${TINYTEX_DIR:-~/Library}/TinyTeX
 else
@@ -94,19 +104,14 @@ fi
 
 INSTALLER_FILE="${TINYTEX_INSTALLER}${OS_ARCH}.${EXT}"
 
+download_file "${TINYTEX_URL}" "${INSTALLER_FILE}"
 if [ "${TINYTEX_INSTALLER#"TinyTeX"}" != "$TINYTEX_INSTALLER" ]; then
-  # prebuilt TinyTeX bundle: download with platform-appropriate tool
-  if [ $OSNAME = 'Darwin' ]; then
-    curl -L -f --retry 10 --retry-delay 30 ${TINYTEX_URL} -o "${INSTALLER_FILE}"
-  else
-    wget --retry-connrefused --progress=dot:giga -O "${INSTALLER_FILE}" ${TINYTEX_URL}
-  fi
+  # prebuilt TinyTeX bundle
   tar xf "${INSTALLER_FILE}" -C $(dirname $TEXDIR)
   if [ -n "$1" ]; then mv "${INSTALLER_FILE}" "$1/"; else rm "${INSTALLER_FILE}"; fi
 else
   echo "We do not have a prebuilt TinyTeX package for this operating system ($(uname -s) $(uname -m))."
   echo "I will try to install from source for you instead."
-  wget --retry-connrefused -O "${INSTALLER_FILE}" ${TINYTEX_URL}
   tar xf "${INSTALLER_FILE}"
   ./install.sh
   mkdir -p $TEXDIR
diff --git a/tools/install-bin-windows.bat b/tools/install-bin-windows.bat
index b28e93abb..f1c6b4125 100644
--- a/tools/install-bin-windows.bat
+++ b/tools/install-bin-windows.bat
@@ -1,7 +1 @@
-where /q powershell || echo PowerShell not found && exit /b
-
-cd /d "%TEMP%"
-
-powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command "Invoke-WebRequest 'https://tinytex.yihui.org/install-bin-windows.ps1' -OutFile 'install-bin-windows.ps1'"
-powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File "install-bin-windows.ps1" %*
-del "install-bin-windows.ps1"
+powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command "irm 'https://tinytex.yihui.org/install-bin-windows.ps1' | iex"
diff --git a/tools/install-bin-windows.ps1 b/tools/install-bin-windows.ps1
index 4bcef1455..017c98cae 100644
--- a/tools/install-bin-windows.ps1
+++ b/tools/install-bin-windows.ps1
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
 
+function Invoke-DownloadWithRetry {
+  param([string]$Uri, [string]$OutFile, [int]$MaxRetries = 10, [int]$RetryDelay = 30)
+  for ($i = 1; $i -le ($MaxRetries + 1); $i++) {
+    try {
+      Invoke-WebRequest $Uri -OutFile $OutFile
+      return
+    } catch {
+      if ($i -gt $MaxRetries) { throw }
+      Write-Host "Download failed (attempt $i of $($MaxRetries + 1)), retrying in $RetryDelay seconds..."
+      Start-Sleep -Seconds $RetryDelay
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 # switch to a temp directory
 cd $env:TEMP
 [Environment]::CurrentDirectory = $PWD.Path
@@ -39,7 +53,7 @@ $DownloadedFile = "$TinyTeXFilename.$BundleExt"
 
 # download the bundle
 Write-Host "Download $BundleExt file..."
-Invoke-WebRequest $TinyTeXURL -OutFile $DownloadedFile
+Invoke-DownloadWithRetry $TinyTeXURL $DownloadedFile
 
 # unzip the downloaded file
 Write-Host 'Unbundle TinyTeX'
diff --git a/tools/install-unx.sh b/tools/install-unx.sh
index 39020f806..9d6d44539 100755
--- a/tools/install-unx.sh
+++ b/tools/install-unx.sh
@@ -7,10 +7,14 @@ cd ${TMPDIR:-/tmp}
 
 if [ $(uname) = 'Darwin' ]; then
   TEXDIR=${TINYTEX_DIR:-~/Library/TinyTeX}
-  alias download='curl -sL'
 else
   TEXDIR=${TINYTEX_DIR:-~/.TinyTeX}
-  alias download='wget -qO-'
+fi
+
+if command -v curl > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+  download() { curl -sL --retry 10 --retry-delay 30 "$1"; }
+else
+  download() { wget -qO- --tries=11 --waitretry=30 "$1"; }
 fi
 
 rm -f install-tl-unx.tar.gz tinytex.profile
diff --git a/tools/install-windows.ps1 b/tools/install-windows.ps1
index 406d42018..7e448318b 100644
--- a/tools/install-windows.ps1
+++ b/tools/install-windows.ps1
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
 
+function Invoke-DownloadWithRetry {
+  param([string]$Uri, [string]$OutFile, [int]$MaxRetries = 10, [int]$RetryDelay = 30)
+  for ($i = 1; $i -le ($MaxRetries + 1); $i++) {
+    try {
+      Invoke-WebRequest $Uri -OutFile $OutFile
+      return
+    } catch {
+      if ($i -gt $MaxRetries) { throw }
+      Write-Host "Download failed (attempt $i of $($MaxRetries + 1)), retrying in $RetryDelay seconds..."
+      Start-Sleep -Seconds $RetryDelay
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 # switch to a temp directory
 cd $env:TEMP
 [Environment]::CurrentDirectory = $PWD.Path
@@ -11,18 +25,18 @@ $TLREPO = if ($env:CTAN_REPO) { $env:CTAN_REPO } else { 'https://tlnet.yihui.org
 $TLURL = "$TLREPO/install-tl.zip"
 
 # download install-tl.zip and unzip it
-Invoke-WebRequest $TLURL -OutFile install-tl.zip
+Invoke-DownloadWithRetry $TLURL install-tl.zip
 Add-Type -A 'System.IO.Compression.FileSystem'
 [IO.Compression.ZipFile]::ExtractToDirectory('install-tl.zip', '.')
 del install-tl.zip
 
 # download tinytex.profile and modify it (set texdir to ./TinyTeX)
-Invoke-WebRequest 'https://tinytex.yihui.org/tinytex.profile' -OutFile tinytex.profile
+Invoke-DownloadWithRetry 'https://tinytex.yihui.org/tinytex.profile' tinytex.profile
 Add-Content tinytex.profile 'TEXMFCONFIG $TEXMFSYSCONFIG'
 Add-Content tinytex.profile 'TEXMFVAR $TEXMFSYSVAR'
 
 # download the custom package list
-Invoke-WebRequest 'https://tinytex.yihui.org/pkgs-custom.txt' -OutFile pkgs-custom.txt
+Invoke-DownloadWithRetry 'https://tinytex.yihui.org/pkgs-custom.txt' pkgs-custom.txt
 
 # an automated installation of TeX Live (infrastructure only)
 cd install-tl-*